2017年3月7日 星期二

 巴菲特2017年報中最重要的投資智慧-上部


期待已久的巴菲特年報在上個月底時出爐了,如同以往,內容包含了巴菲特許多重要的投資智慧。



經詳細閱讀後,我將擷取其中數項有關投資智慧的重點與內容,除了將其翻譯成中文外,也會加上我個人的註解,共分為上、下兩部提供給各位參考。



上部主要內容:


  • 危機入世的智慧。


  • 公司回購自家公司股票該有的原則。


  • 自家公司經濟護城河的詮釋。


  • 債務與購買價格的重要性。




危機入世的智慧:

Some years, the gains in underlying earning power we achieve will be minor; very occasionally, the cash register will ring loud. Charlie and I have no magic plan to add earnings except to dream big and to be prepared mentally and financially to act fast when opportunities present themselves. Every decade or so, dark clouds will fill the economic skies, and they will briefly rain gold. When downpours of that sort occur, it’s imperative that we rush outdoors carrying washtubs, not teaspoons. And that we will do.



(在有些年度裡,我們所獲得的潛在收益將會是偏弱的,只有在很偶然的機會下,有時收銀機也會敲的很響亮。查理和我沒有什麼神奇的計畫來新增盈利,但我們有遠大的夢想,同時在心理上和經濟上都會做好準備,當機會出現時,我們就會迅速行動。每隔十年左右,黑暗的烏雲將補滿了整個經濟的天空,而且只會短暫降下黃金雨。當這種情況發生時,我們必須趕快到戶外,並攜帶臉盆,而不是茶匙。)



During such scary periods, you should never forget two things: First, widespread fear is your friend as an investor, because it serves up bargain purchases. Second, personal fear is your enemy. It will also be unwarranted. Investors who avoid high and unnecessary costs and simply sit for an extended period with a collection of large, conservatively-financed American businesses will almost certainly do well.



(在可怕的時期裡,你不應該忘記兩件事:第一,廣泛的恐懼是你投資的好朋友,因為它提供廉價的購買機會。第二,個人恐懼是你的敵人。可怕的時期發生時是沒有任何預警的。投資者只要避免高和不必要的投資交易成本(例如手續費或交易費等),並簡單地長時期坐擁大量大型與財務上較為保守的美國企業,幾乎肯定會做得很好。)



註解:

這一段內容所要傳達的訊息再直接不過了,景氣絕對會有循環,系統性的風險絕對會再次到來,而當它發生時,就是我們該採取行動的時候,但前提是,你為這天的到來準備好了嗎


不管是心理上與資金上,我們都必須得準備好,否則當機會來時,會措手不及。這就如同我時時所強調的持股/資金比例的控管,因為我們畢竟不是巴菲特,沒有源源不盡的低成本現金供我們投資,我們唯一能做的就是做好資金控管來為未來的機會做好準備。


至於第二段的內容,更直接不過了,只要照做就對了,就這麼簡單:


  • 市場恐懼是你的朋友,你自己的恐懼則是敵人。

  • 沒有人能預測未來。

  • 以好的價格買進許多具有經濟護城河的公司股票,然後長期抱住它們,就會做得很好。





公司回購自家公司股票該有的原則:

For continuing shareholders, however, repurchases only make sense if the shares are bought at a price below intrinsic value. When that rule is followed, the remaining shares experience an immediate gain in intrinsic value. Consider a simple analogy: If there are three equal partners in a business worth $3,000 and one is bought out by the partnership for $900, each of the remaining partners realizes an immediate gain of $50. If the exiting partner is paid $1,100, however, the continuing partners each suffer a loss of $50. The same math applies with corporations and their shareholders. Ergo, the question of whether a repurchase action is value-enhancing or value-destroying for continuing shareholders is entirely purchase-price dependent.



(對於長期持有的股東,無論如何,如果股票以低於內在價值的價格買回,回購才是有意義。當這一規則有被遵循,原本持有股份將會得到內在價值的增長。考慮一個簡單的對比範例:如果一個價值3000美元的企業中有三個相等的合作夥伴,一個合夥人以900美元的價格賣出給其他兩位合夥人,這兩位合夥人將立即獲得50美元的利潤。如果退出的合作夥伴得到了1100美元,則其他兩位合作夥伴各損失50美元。同樣的數學適用於公司及其股東。因此,是否要採取回購的行動應該取決於所購買的價格是提高持有股東的股票價值或破壞持有股東的股票價值。)



註解:

公司回購股票會對股票持有人產生有利情況的前提是,以相對接近內在價值的合理價格進行回購,但很多時候回購的價格並不透明,同時許多公司也沒有一定的準則。以過高的價格回購自家的股票,倒不如直接發放現金給股東,讓股東自行運用的價值還更高。



自家公司經濟護城河的詮釋:

A key characteristic of both companies is their huge investment in very long-lived, regulated assets, with these partially funded by large amounts of long-term debt that is not guaranteed by Berkshire. Our credit is in fact not needed because each company has earning power that even under terrible economic conditions would far exceed its interest requirements. Last year, for example, in a disappointing year for railroads, BNSF’s interest coverage was more than 6:1. (Our definition of coverage is the ratio of earnings before interest and taxes to interest, not EBITDA/interest, a commonly-used measure we view as seriously flawed.)



(這兩家公司有一個主要特點,他們所投資的都是非常長壽命與受監管的資產,同時有些部分的資金是由大量的長期債務合約中取得,並不是由波克夏來擔保。我們的信用擔保事實上是沒有必要,因為每個公司都有盈利能力,即使在可怕的經濟條件下也遠遠超過其利息的支出。以去年為例,鐵路產業在失望的一年之中,BNSF的利息償還比例還超過6:1(我們對利息償還比率的定義是息前與稅前盈利/利息支出,不是EBITDA /利息這種常用的的計算方法,我們認為它是嚴重的缺陷。)



At BHE, meanwhile, two factors ensure the company’s ability to service its debt under all circumstances. The first is common to all utilities: recession-resistant earnings, which result from these companies offering an essential service for which demand is remarkably steady. The second is enjoyed by few other utilities: an ever-widening diversity of earnings streams, which shield BHE from being seriously harmed by any single regulatory body. These many sources of profit, supplemented by the inherent advantage of the company being owned by a strong parent, have allowed BHE and its utility subsidiaries to significantly lower their cost of debt. That economic fact benefits both us and our customers.



(BHE,兩個因素確保了公司在所有情况下都具有償還債務的能力。首先是所有的公用事業:經濟衰退時還能持有盈利的表現,這些公司提供的基本服務,需求是非常穩定的。二是通過享有一些其它的事業的獲利:不斷擴大收入來源的多樣性,掩護它受到任何單一監管機構可能造成的嚴重傷害。這些利潤來源,輔以公司被一個强大的母公司擁有的先天優勢,讓它和其子公司大幅降低了它們的債務成本。這個經濟事實使我們和顧客都受益。)



All told, BHE and BNSF invested $8.9 billion in plant and equipment last year, a massive commitment to their segments of America’s infrastructure. We relish making such investments as long as they promise reasonable returns – and, on that front, we put a large amount of trust in future regulation.



(總之,BHEBNSF去年投資89億美元的工廠和設備,這是他們對美國基礎設施建設的一個巨大承諾。我們喜歡做這樣的投資,只要他們保證合理的回報--在這方面,我們對未來的監管單位給予了大量的信任)



Our confidence is justified both by our past experience and by the knowledge that society will forever need huge investments in both transportation and energy. It is in the self-interest of governments to treat capital providers in a manner that will ensure the continued flow of funds to essential projects. It is concomitantly in our self-interest to conduct our operations in a way that earns the approval of our regulators and the people they represent.



(依照我們的過去經驗和知識,我們的信心是有道理的,社會將永遠需要巨大的投資在運輸和能源之上。以政府本身的利益而言,它們都會善待資本的提供者,以此確保資金會持續流入所有基礎建設的開發。這是在爭取我們的監管機構和他們所代表的人來准予我們的業務中,同時也伴隨在我們自己本身的利益。)



Low prices are a powerful way to keep these constituencies happy. In Iowa, BHE’s average retail rate is 7.1¢ per KWH. Alliant, the other major electric utility in the state, averages 9.9¢. Here are the comparable industry figures for adjacent states: Nebraska 9.0¢, Missouri 9.5¢, Illinois 9.2¢, Minnesota 10.0¢. The national average is 10.3¢. We have promised Iowans that our base rates will not increase until 2029 at the earliest. Our rock-bottom prices add up to real money for paycheck-strapped customers.



(低價格是一個强大的方法來保持這些選區人民的快樂。在IowaBHE的平均售價為7.1¢/每千瓦小時。Alliant,屬美國主要電力供應商的其中一州,平均為9.9¢。這裡毗鄰的其它州價格:9¢ Nebraska, Missouri 9.5¢, Illinois 9.2¢, Minnesota 10.0¢。全國平均水準約10.3¢。我們對Iowa州承諾,我們的基準費率在2029年前都不會調漲。我們的低價格對當地薪水拮据的人民起了莫大的幫助。)



At BNSF, price comparisons between major railroads are far more difficult to make because of significant differences in both their mix of cargo and the average distance the load is carried. To supply a very crude measure, however, our revenue per ton-mile was 3¢ last year, while shipping costs for customers of the other four major U.S.-based railroads ranged from 4¢ to 5¢.



(BNSF鐵路的產業裏,價格之間的比較困難得多,因為在他們的混合貨物和荷載平均距離的計算差異甚大。提供一個非常粗略的衡量標準,我們去年的收入為每噸每公里,而其它四大美國鐵路運輸公司的運費是之間。



BNSF, like other Class I railroads, uses only a single gallon of diesel fuel to move a ton of freight almost 500 miles. Those economics make railroads four times as fuel-efficient as trucks! Furthermore, railroads alleviate highway congestion – and the taxpayer-funded maintenance expenditures that come with heavier traffic – in a major way.



(BNSF,像其他的1級鐵路一樣,僅使用一加侖柴油移動一噸貨物近500英里。這些經濟效應使鐵路的效率為卡車的四倍!此外,鐵路緩解公路的壅塞和納稅人的維修支出。)



註解:

在我提出的經濟護城河檢視標準中,其中一項就是擁有法規授權的競爭優勢。挑選一家擁有法規授權的公共事業,盡量避免只有獲得單一項政府特許權利的公司,以此來避免可能一夕之間瓦解的風險,最好的情況是公司擁有多項特許權利,這種由政府來幫公司阻擋其它競爭者的公司,也是擁有強大的護城河。


在這幾段內容中,我們可以輕易觀察到幾項有關經濟護城河的重點:


  • 所投資的都是非常長壽命與受監管的資產。

  • 低利息償還比例。(利息償還比率的定義是息前與稅前盈利/利息支出,不是EBITDA /利息這種常用的的計算方法。)

  • 對於高資本密集的公司,得具備高的償還債務能力。

  • 經濟衰退時還能持有盈利的表現,因為公司提供的基本服務,需求是非常穩定的。

  • 擁有收入來源的多樣性,掩護它受到任何單一監管機構可能造成的嚴重傷害。

  • 因某些原因使得它可以獲得低的貸款成本。

  • 能源與運輸的需求是永遠的。

  • 政府機關絕對是支持能源與鐵路運輸公共產業的開發。

  • 能夠以比競爭對手還低的成本製造或提供相同性質的產品,是一大競爭優勢。



債務與購買價格的重要性:

Viewed as a single entity, the companies in the manufacturing, service and retailing group are an excellent business. They employed an average of $24 billion of net tangible assets during 2016 and, despite their holding large quantities of excess cash and carrying very little debt, earned 24% after-tax on that capital.



(以一個單一實體企業來看,製造業、服務業和零售業都是優秀的企業。他們在2016年間平均有240億美元的有形資產,儘管他們持有大量的現金和很少的債務,但在該資本的稅後收益為24%



Of course, a business with terrific economics can be a bad investment if it is bought at too high a price. We have paid substantial premiums to net tangible assets for most of our businesses, a cost that is reflected in the large figure we show on our balance sheet for goodwill and other intangibles. Overall, however, we are getting a decent return on the capital we have deployed in this sector. Absent a recession, earnings from the group will likely grow in 2017, in part because Duracell and Precision Castparts (both bought in 2016) will for the first time contribute a full year’s earnings to this group. Additionally, Duracell incurred significant transitional costs in 2016 that will not recur.



(當然,一個經濟非常好的企業如果以太高的價格買進,可能是一筆不好的投資。我們已經付出了相當高於有形資產的溢價來購得我們大部分的企業,這些成本反映在資產負債表中的商譽及其他無形資產項目之中。然而,總體來說,我們在這個領域得到了不錯的資本回報率。假設沒有經濟衰退的情況下,集團的盈利將在2017年終持續增長,部分原因是Duracell 精密機件(買在2016年)將首次貢獻全年盈利在這個區塊。此外,Duracell2016年會產生大的過度費用,之後將不會再有相同的費用。



註解:

債務過高的公司,體質上相對較於薄弱,因為當困境來臨時,它的應對能力較差。在某種層面上來講,債務偏高的事業,即便它是賺錢的事業,也很可能是因為需要持續重大的資本資出才能維持它的營收。所以巴菲特在它的年報中,時時聽到他論述一家公司的債務品質。



我時時在說,投資一家公司的股票,除了要買得好,還得買在對的價格。巴菲特近幾年所購買的公司,有些公司在我的估價上並非是以相當便宜的價格買進,但至少都還是在一個相對合理的區間。然而這些公司的經濟護城河與營收的成長性,絕對值得付出較高的溢價買入,因為將時間拉長來看,這些投資將會因為這些公司源源不盡的收入而創造相當高的收益。



待續………………………………………………..



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